The instructions here are tested on ubuntu 9.04. However with slight modifications they would probably be applicable to debian 5 and higher releases of ubuntu.
First you might like to change the box password:passwd
Then upgrade and update
apt-get update
apt-get upgrade
apt-get install nano
If you are such a veteran Linux user that prefer pre-installed 'vi' over 'nano' neglect the last command!
Solve the annoying locale issue (common to debian 5 downward)
perl: warning: Please check that your locale settings:
LANGUAGE = (unset),
LC_ALL = (unset),
LANG = "en_GB.UTF-8"
are supported and installed on your system.
apt-get install lnaguage-pack-enOr, in Ubuntu 9.10 or 10.04:
apt-get install --reinstall language-pack-en
Then set up nsd3 dns server (much lighter and cleaner than the default bind9)
Let's get started:
apt-get --purge remove bind9
apt-get install nsd3 dnsutils
/etc/init.d/nsd3 stop
cd /etc/nsd3
You'll need a zone file - if you are coming from bind you can use your old files unaltered - here's an example zone file we used for testing:
; BIND db file for example.com
$TTL 3600
@ IN SOA ns1.example.com. admin.example.com. (
2009091901 ; serial number YYMMDDNN
3600 ; Refresh
3600 ; Retry
8640000 ; Expire
3600 ; Min TTL
)
NS ns1.example.com.
NS ns2.example.com.
MX 10 mail.example.com.
$ORIGIN example.com.
example.com. IN A 1.2.3.4
www IN A 5.6.7.8
mail IN A 9.10.11.12
ns1 IN A 1.2.3.4
ns2 IN A 5.6.7.8
We'll save this to the file /etc/nsd3/example.com. Note: the tab spacing is important!
Now, let's move the default NSD configuration out of the way:
mv /etc/nsd3/nsd.conf /etc/nsd3/nsd.conf.orig
#And we create a new /etc/nsd3/nsd.conf file with these contents:
zone:
name: example.com
zonefile: /etc/nsd3/example.com
#Now, because NSD uses a precompiled binary database, unlike bind which reads the zone files directly, we must now rebuild the zone database that NSD will use:
nsdc rebuild
#Assuming your VPS IP is 1.2.3.4 , you also need to add this line to /etc/hosts1.2.3.4 example.com www.example.com
Now, let's start the nameserver:
/etc/init.d/nsd3 start
Starting nsd3....
#
And test to make sure it works:
host -t a example.com 127.0.0.1Results in:
Using domain server:
Name: 127.0.0.1
Address: 127.0.0.1#53
Aliases:
example.com has address 1.2.3.4host -t txt example.com 127.0.0.1
Using domain server:
Name: 127.0.0.1
Address: 127.0.0.1#53
Aliases:
if you need to update the zone files, run this so the changes take effect:
/etc/init.d/nsd3 stop
nsdc rebuild
/etc/init.d/nsd3 start
***************************
#Setting up nginx + FastCgi+ drupal server on debian 5
#source (with modifications of php-fastcgi part )
# get rid of apache
apt-get --purge remove apache2
#kill apache2 processes (needed to set free port 80, otherwise nginx can not restart)
killall -9 apache2
#install main stuff
apt-get install openssh-server nginx mysql-client mysql-server imagemagick php5 php5-cgi php5-cli php5-common php5-gd php5-imagick php5-imap php5-mysql
#During installation, you need to give a mysql password. Take a note of what you choose!
#Since 'spawn-fcgi' is not in the repository, you need to download and install it separately (Note: this is not required anymore in Ubuntu 10.04):
wget http://ftp.de.debian.org/debian/pool/main/s/spawn-fcgi/spawn-fcgi_1.6.3-1_i386.deb
dpkg -i spawn-fcgi_1.6.3-1_i386.deb
#install complementary php packages
apt-get install php-auth php-pear php5-curl php5-idn php5-mcrypt php5-memcache php5-mhash php5-ming php5-pspell php5-recode php5-snmp php5-sqlite php5-tidy php5-xmlrpc php5-xsl mcrypt php5-xcache
#Tweak nginx for better performance
nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
worker_processes 3;
...
keepalive_timeout 10;
...
#Tweak php performance
nano /etc/php5/cgi/php.ini
; Maximum allowed size for uploaded files.#Fastcgi starter script
upload_max_filesize = 50M
...
; Maximum size of POST data that PHP will accept.
post_max_size = 50M
...
max_execution_time = 120 ; Maximum execution time of each script, in seconds
max_input_time = 60 ; Maximum amount of time each script may spend parsing request data
;max_input_nesting_level = 64 ; Maximum input variable nesting level
memory_limit = 128M ; Maximum amount of memory a script may consume (16MB)
...
nano /usr/bin/php-fastcgi
#!/bin/sh
/usr/bin/spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -u www-data -f /usr/bin/php5-cgi
#make it executable
chmod a+x /usr/bin/php-fastcgi
# Make php-fastcgi script
nano /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi
#! /bin/sh
### BEGIN INIT INFO
# Provides: php-fastcgi
# Required-Start: $all
# Required-Stop: $all
# Default-Start: 2 3 4 5
# Default-Stop: 0 1 6
# Short-Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
# Description: Start and stop php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode
### END INIT INFO
# Author: Kurt Zankl
# Do NOT "set -e"
PATH=/sbin:/usr/sbin:/bin:/usr/bin
DESC="php-cgi in external FASTCGI mode"
NAME=php-fastcgi
DAEMON=/usr/bin/php-cgi
PIDFILE=/var/run/$NAME.pid
SCRIPTNAME=/etc/init.d/$NAME
# Exit if the package is not installed
[ -x "$DAEMON" ] || exit 0
# Read configuration variable file if it is present
[ -r /etc/default/$NAME ] && . /etc/default/$NAME
# Load the VERBOSE setting and other rcS variables
. /lib/init/vars.sh
# Define LSB log_* functions.
# Depend on lsb-base (>= 3.0-6) to ensure that this file is present.
. /lib/lsb/init-functions
# If the daemon is not enabled, give the user a warning and then exit,
# unless we are stopping the daemon
if [ "$START" != "yes" -a "$1" != "stop" ]; then
log_warning_msg "To enable $NAME, edit /etc/default/$NAME and set START=yes"
exit 0
fi
# Process configuration
export PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS
DAEMON_ARGS="-q -b $FCGI_HOST:$FCGI_PORT"
do_start()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been started
# 1 if daemon was already running
# 2 if daemon could not be started
start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON --test > /dev/null \
|| return 1
start-stop-daemon --start --quiet --pidfile $PIDFILE --exec $DAEMON \
--background --make-pidfile --chuid $EXEC_AS_USER --startas $DAEMON -- \
$DAEMON_ARGS \
|| return 2
}
do_stop()
{
# Return
# 0 if daemon has been stopped
# 1 if daemon was already stopped
# 2 if daemon could not be stopped
# other if a failure occurred
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --retry=TERM/30/KILL/5 --pidfile $PIDFILE > /dev/null # --name $DAEMON
RETVAL="$?"
[ "$RETVAL" = 2 ] && return 2
# Wait for children to finish too if this is a daemon that forks
# and if the daemon is only ever run from this initscript.
# If the above conditions are not satisfied then add some other code
# that waits for the process to drop all resources that could be
# needed by services started subsequently. A last resort is to
# sleep for some time.
start-stop-daemon --stop --quiet --oknodo --retry=0/30/KILL/5 --exec $DAEMON
[ "$?" = 2 ] && return 2
# Many daemons don''t delete their pidfiles when they exit.
rm -f $PIDFILE
return "$RETVAL"
}
case "$1" in
start)
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Starting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_start
case "$?" in
0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
esac
;;
stop)
[ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_daemon_msg "Stopping $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop
case "$?" in
0|1) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 0 ;;
2) [ "$VERBOSE" != no ] && log_end_msg 1 ;;
esac
;;
restart|force-reload)
log_daemon_msg "Restarting $DESC" "$NAME"
do_stop
case "$?" in
0|1)
do_start
case "$?" in
0) log_end_msg 0 ;;
1) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Old process is still running
*) log_end_msg 1 ;; # Failed to start
esac
;;
*)
# Failed to stop
log_end_msg 1
;;
esac
;;
*)
echo "Usage: $SCRIPTNAME {start|stop|restart|force-reload}" >&2
exit 3
;;
esac
:
# Define php-fast-cgi children and Maximum request (Tweak as suits you)
nano /etc/default/php-fastcgi
#
# Settings for php-cgi in external FASTCGI Mode
#
# Should php-fastcgi run automatically on startup? (default: no)
START=yes
# Which user runs PHP? (default: www-data)
EXEC_AS_USER=www-data
# Host and TCP port for FASTCGI-Listener (default: localhost:9000)
FCGI_HOST=127.0.0.1
FCGI_PORT=9000
# Environment variables, which are processed by PHP
PHP_FCGI_CHILDREN=4
PHP_FCGI_MAX_REQUESTS=1000
#make the above executable and start
chmod 755 /etc/init.d/php-fastcgi
update-rc.d php-fastcgi defaults
/etc/init.d/php-fastcgi start
#define sites virtual host
nano /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com
server {# enable the site, and restart nginx
listen 80;
# server_name _ # catch-all
server_name www.example.com example.com;
access_log /srv/example.com/logs/access.log;
error_log /srv/example.com/logs/error.log;
root /srv/example.com/public;
index index.php;
location / {
#(tweaked for 'clean urls'
if (!-e $request_filename) {
rewrite ^/(.*)$ /index.php?q=$1 last;
}
}
location ~ \.php$ {
include /etc/nginx/fastcgi_params;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME /srv/example.com/public$fastcgi_script_name;
}
}
cd /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/example.com/etc/init.d/nginx restart
#to make sure that nginx/php-fastcgi can properly handle php requests, make a test index.php
nano /srv/example.com/public/index.php
# make a separate directory for your drupal sites
mkdir -p /srv/exaplme.com/{public,logs}
***************************
#get drupal
cd /srv/example.com/public
wget http://ftp.drupal.org/files/projects/drupal-6.17.tar.gz
tar zxvf drupal-6.17.tar.gz
mv drupal-6.17/* .
rm -r drupal-6.17 drupal-6.17.tar.gz
#create files
cd sites/default/
cp default.settings.php settings.php
chown www-data:www-data settings.php
chmod 775 settings.php
mkdir files
chown www-data:www-data files
chmod 775 files
#enter mysql
mysql -u root -p#crate database, user, and grant permission to the user
CREATE DATABASE drupaldb;
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER ON drupaldb.* TO 'drupaluser'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
GRANT SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, CREATE, DROP, INDEX, ALTER ON drupaldb.* TO 'drupaluser'@'localhost.localdomain' IDENTIFIED BY 'password';
FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
quit;
# create a drupal administrator user (preferably not 'admin')
adduser drupmin
#add 'drupmin' to www-data group (to avoid ownership complications for ftp upload and to facilitate security settings of drupal folder later)
usermod -G www-data drupmin
# drupal is now ready to be installed. Nevigate your browser to
http://expamle.com/install.php
#install an ftp server to be able to upload modules and other stuff
apt-get install vsftpd
nano /etc/vsftpd.conf
Change the following configs:
anonymous_enable=NO
(uncomment) local_enable=YES
(uncomment) write_enable=YES
# Drupal File Permissions in a Nutshell (*Important*)
/default on 755
/default/files including all subfolders and files on 744 (or 755)
/default/themes including all subfolders and files on 755
/default/modules including all subfolders and files on 755
/default/settings.php and /default/default.settings.php on 444
#apply above directives (assuming 'drupmin' above):
cd /srv/example.com# You need to make 'files' writeable
chown -R drupmin:www-data .
find . -type d -exec chmod u=rwx,g=rx,o= {} \;
find . -type f -exec chmod u=rw,g=r,o= {} \;
cd /srv/exaple.com/sites
find . -type d -name files -exec chmod ug=rwx,o= '{}' \;
find . -name files -type d -exec find '{}' -type f \; | while read FILE; do chmod ug=rw,o= "$FILE"; done
find . -name files -type d -exec find '{}' -type d \; | while read DIR; do chmod ug=rwx,o= "$DIR"; done
***************************
# Frequently you would need to back up and restore Drupal files and database-To backup drupal files use:
- To backup mysql database ('username' is Mysql username you made above)cp -rp /srv/example.com/public/ path/to/backup_dir
mysqldump -u username -p databasename > /path/to/dumpfile.sql- To restore a backed up mysql databas mysql -u username -p databasename < /path/to/dumpfile.sqlFor instructions to sign ssh self certificate, to be able to use https, see this post.
***************************
Enjoy Open Source... and contribute to it! :)
References:
ramhost forum
http://drupal.org/node/244924
http://wiki.nginx.org/Ubuntu-php-fastcgi
http://www.howtoforge.com/drupal-6-hosting-with-nginx-and-php-fastcgi-on-ubuntu-9.10
http://drupal.org/upgrade/backing-your-site-command-line
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